Cuando Usar Esta Carta de Demanda
Cuando un proveedor no cumple con sus obligaciones contractuales - ya sea por no entregar, entregar tarde, o entregar productos defectuosos - usted tiene derechos legales para exigir cumplimiento, sustitucion, reparacion, o compensacion por danos. El marco legal depende de si el contrato es domestico (UCC) o internacional (CISG).
No Entrega Total
El proveedor fallo completamente en entregar los bienes acordados.
- La fecha de entrega paso sin despacho
- El proveedor no responde a comunicaciones
- Bienes nunca fueron fabricados o enviados
- Proveedor declaro que no puede cumplir
- Anticipatory breach evidente
Entrega Tardia
Los bienes llegaron pero significativamente despues de la fecha acordada.
- Entrega despues de fecha contractual
- Demora causo perdida de ventas
- Time was of the essence clause
- Produccion detenida por falta de materiales
- Penalidades de sus clientes por su demora
Defectos de Calidad
Los bienes fueron entregados pero no cumplen con las especificaciones.
- Productos no conformes con especificaciones
- Materiales de inferior calidad
- Defectos de fabricacion
- Productos danados en transito
- Faltan componentes o partes
Cantidad Incorrecta
La cantidad entregada no coincide con lo ordenado.
- Shortfall - menos unidades que las ordenadas
- Sobre-entrega no autorizada
- Entregas parciales sin justificacion
- Unidades de medida incorrectas
- Discrepancia entre invoice y entrega
Violacion de Garantias
Los bienes no cumplen con garantias expresas o implicitas.
- Breach de express warranty
- Breach de implied warranty of merchantability
- Breach de fitness for particular purpose
- Representaciones falsas sobre el producto
- Certificaciones faltantes o falsas
Contratos Internacionales
Disputas con proveedores en otros paises bajo CISG o ley extranjera.
- Proveedor en pais signatario de CISG
- Incumplimiento fundamental (Art. 25 CISG)
- Avoidance del contrato (Art. 49 CISG)
- Problemas de aduanas o exportacion
- Force majeure internacional
Acciones Inmediatas al Descubrir el Incumplimiento
Notificar al Proveedor Inmediatamente
Bajo UCC Section 2-607(3)(a), debe notificar al vendedor de cualquier breach "within a reasonable time" despues de descubrirlo o debia haberlo descubierto. La falta de notificacion oportuna puede bar su reclamacion. Envie notificacion por escrito inmediatamente.
Documentar Todo Exhaustivamente
Tome fotos y video de todos los defectos, preserve muestras del producto, guarde empaques y etiquetas, documente fechas de entrega, y mantenga todos los documentos de envio. Esta evidencia sera crucial.
Inspeccionar y Rechazar si Apropiado
Bajo UCC Section 2-601 (Perfect Tender Rule), tiene derecho a rechazar bienes que no conforman con el contrato. Si rechaza, notifique al vendedor y mantenga los bienes disponibles para pickup.
Considerar Cover (Compra Sustituta)
Bajo UCC Section 2-712, puede "cover" comprando bienes sustitutos de otro proveedor y recuperar la diferencia de precio. Actue de buena fe y sin demora irrazonable.
Calcular Sus Danos
Documente todas las perdidas: diferencia de precio si compro sustitutos, perdidas de produccion, ventas perdidas, costos de reprocesamiento, penalidades de clientes, y cualquier otro dano consequencial previsible.
Marco Legal: UCC Article 2 (Domestico)
El Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) Article 2 gobierna la venta de bienes en Estados Unidos. Ha sido adoptado en todos los estados (con variaciones menores en Louisiana). Proporciona remedios extensivos para compradores cuando vendedores incumplen.
📜 Obligaciones del Vendedor
📃 Garantias Implicitas
💳 Remedios del Comprador
💰 Tipos de Danos
Marco Legal: CISG (Internacional)
La Convencion de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Contratos de Compraventa Internacional de Mercaderias (CISG) gobierna ventas internacionales entre partes en paises signatarios. EEUU, Mexico, China, la mayoria de Europa, y 94 paises son signatarios.
📜 Obligaciones del Vendedor (CISG)
🚫 Fundamental Breach
💳 Remedios (CISG)
⏱️ Notificacion (CISG)
Plazos de Prescripcion
| Tipo de Reclamacion | California | Nueva York | CISG |
|---|---|---|---|
| Breach de Contrato (Venta de Bienes) | 4 anios (UCC 2-725) | 4 anios (UCC 2-725) | Convention 1974: 4 anios |
| Breach de Warranty | 4 anios desde tender | 4 anios desde tender | Depende de ley aplicable |
| Fraude / Misrepresentation | 3 anios desde descubrimiento | 6 anios | Ley domestica aplica |
| Notice de Non-Conformity (CISG) | N/A | N/A | Tiempo razonable (tipico 1 mes) |
Checklist de Evidencia
Documentacion completa es esencial para reclamar danos por incumplimiento de proveedor. Preserve toda evidencia antes de rechazar o disponer de bienes.
📄 Documentos Contractuales
📦 Documentos de Entrega
📷 Evidencia de Defectos
📩 Comunicaciones
💰 Evidencia de Danos
🌐 Documentos Internacionales (CISG)
Calculadora de Danos por Incumplimiento
Use esta calculadora para estimar sus danos totales incluyendo cover damages, danos incidentales, y danos consecuenciales bajo UCC o CISG.
💰 Calcule Sus Danos
Tipos de Danos Recuperables
💰 Cover Damages (UCC 2-712)
Diferencia entre el costo de comprar bienes sustitutos (cover) y el precio del contrato original. El cover debe ser de buena fe, sin demora irrazonable, y por bienes razonablemente sustitutos.
💵 Market Price Damages (UCC 2-713)
Si no hace cover, puede recuperar la diferencia entre el precio de mercado al momento de enterarse del breach y el precio del contrato, mas incidentales y consecuenciales.
💳 Incidental Damages (UCC 2-715)
Gastos razonables de inspeccion, recibo, transporte, custodia de bienes rechazados, y cualquier gasto comercialmente razonable relacionado con efectuar cover.
📈 Consequential Damages
Perdidas que el vendedor tenia razon de conocer al contratar, incluyendo perdida de produccion, ventas perdidas, penalidades de clientes, y lucro cesante. Sujeto a regla de foreseeability.
Plantillas de Cartas de Demanda
[COMPANY LETTERHEAD]
[Date]
VIA CERTIFIED MAIL AND EMAIL
[Supplier Name]
Attn: [Contact Name / Legal Department]
[Address]
[Email]
Re: Notice of Material Breach and Demand for Performance
Purchase Order No. [PO Number] dated [Date]
Dear [Name]:
This letter constitutes formal notice of [Supplier Name]'s material
breach of the above-referenced Purchase Order (the "Order") and
demand for immediate cure or, in the alternative, payment of damages.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On [Date], [Your Company] issued the Order to [Supplier Name] for
the purchase of the following goods:
Description: [Product Description]
Quantity: [Quantity and Units]
Unit Price: $[Price]
Total Price: $[Total]
Delivery Date: [Agreed Delivery Date]
Delivery Location: [Address]
The Order was acknowledged by [Supplier Name] on [Date] and payment
of $[Amount] was made by [Your Company] on [Date] via [payment method].
II. BREACH OF CONTRACT
The agreed delivery date of [Date] has passed, and [Supplier Name]
has failed to deliver the goods. Despite multiple requests for
status updates on [dates of communications], [Supplier Name] has:
[X] Failed to deliver the goods
[X] Failed to provide a firm delivery date
[X] Failed to respond to communications
[X] Other: [Describe]
This constitutes a material breach of the Order and of [Supplier's]
obligations under the Uniform Commercial Code.
III. LEGAL BASIS
Under UCC Section 2-711, when a seller fails to make delivery, the
buyer may:
(a) Cancel the contract;
(b) Recover any amounts paid; and
(c) "Cover" by purchasing substitute goods and recover the
difference between the cost of cover and the contract price,
together with incidental and consequential damages.
Under UCC Section 2-713, if cover is not obtained, the buyer may
recover the difference between market price at the time of breach
and the contract price, plus incidental and consequential damages.
IV. DAMAGES
As a direct result of [Supplier's] breach, [Your Company] has
suffered the following damages:
Amounts Already Paid: $[Amount]
Cost to Cover (substitute goods): $[Amount]
Difference from Contract Price: $[Amount]
Production Downtime ([X] days at $[X]/day): $[Amount]
Lost Customer Orders: $[Amount]
Expedited Shipping for Cover: $[Amount]
Other Incidental Costs: $[Amount]
-------------------------------------------------
TOTAL DAMAGES: $[Total]
V. DEMAND
[Your Company] hereby demands that [Supplier Name], within ten (10)
business days of the date of this letter:
OPTION A - CURE THE BREACH:
1. Deliver all goods under the Order conforming to all
specifications;
2. Pay [Your Company] $[Amount] for incidental and consequential
damages caused by the delay; and
3. Provide written assurance of future performance.
OR
OPTION B - PAY DAMAGES:
1. Refund all amounts paid under the Order: $[Amount];
2. Pay cover damages and consequential losses: $[Amount]; and
3. Pay incidental costs: $[Amount].
TOTAL PAYMENT DUE: $[Total]
VI. CONSEQUENCES OF NON-COMPLIANCE
If [Supplier Name] fails to comply with this demand, [Your Company]
will immediately pursue all legal remedies available, including:
- Filing suit in [Court] for breach of contract
- Seeking specific performance if goods are unique
- Recovery of all attorneys' fees and costs
- Reporting breach to relevant industry organizations
[Your Company] reserves all rights and remedies available under the
UCC, at law, and in equity.
Please confirm receipt and your intentions by [Date].
Very truly yours,
[Your Name]
[Title]
[Company Name]
[Contact Information]
cc: [Your Legal Counsel]
Enclosures:
- Copy of Purchase Order No. [Number]
- Order Acknowledgment
- Proof of Payment
- Communication Log
[COMPANY LETTERHEAD]
[Date]
VIA CERTIFIED MAIL AND EMAIL
[Supplier Name]
[Address]
Re: Notice of Non-Conforming Goods and Rejection
Purchase Order No. [PO Number]
Dear [Name]:
This letter constitutes formal notice under UCC Section 2-607(3)(a)
of non-conformity of goods received under the above-referenced
Order and [Your Company]'s rejection of same.
I. DELIVERY AND INSPECTION
On [Delivery Date], [Your Company] received shipment of goods under
the Order. Upon reasonable inspection pursuant to UCC Section 2-513,
[Your Company] discovered that the goods are non-conforming in the
following respects:
DEFECT 1: [Detailed description of defect]
- Specification Required: [What was ordered]
- Actual Condition: [What was received]
- Units Affected: [Number/Percentage]
DEFECT 2: [Detailed description]
[Continue as needed]
Photographs and inspection reports documenting these defects are
attached hereto as Exhibit A.
II. NOTICE AND REJECTION
Pursuant to UCC Sections 2-601 and 2-602, [Your Company] hereby
rejects the non-conforming goods and provides this timely notice
of rejection. The goods are being held at [Your Company]'s facility
at [Address] and are available for [Supplier's] inspection and
pickup.
III. BREACH OF WARRANTY
The non-conforming goods constitute breaches of:
[X] Express Warranty (UCC 2-313) - Goods do not conform to
product specifications, samples, or descriptions provided
by [Supplier].
[X] Implied Warranty of Merchantability (UCC 2-314) - Goods
are not of fair average quality, do not pass without
objection in the trade, and are not fit for their ordinary
purposes.
[X] Implied Warranty of Fitness for Particular Purpose
(UCC 2-315) - [Supplier] knew the particular purpose for
which goods were required and goods are not fit for that
purpose.
IV. DAMAGES
[Your Company] has suffered the following damages:
Cost of Inspection and Testing: $[Amount]
Storage Costs for Rejected Goods: $[Amount]
Production Downtime: $[Amount]
Cost to Cover (if obtained): $[Amount]
Lost Customer Orders: $[Amount]
Labor Costs for Defect Identification: $[Amount]
-------------------------------------------------
TOTAL: $[Amount]
V. DEMAND
[Your Company] demands that [Supplier], within seven (7) business
days:
1. Arrange for pickup of rejected goods at [Supplier's] expense;
2. Provide either:
(a) Full replacement with conforming goods; OR
(b) Full refund of purchase price: $[Amount];
3. Pay damages for breach of warranty: $[Amount];
4. Provide written explanation of quality control failures
and corrective actions to prevent recurrence.
VI. PRESERVATION OF GOODS
Pursuant to UCC Section 2-602(2)(b), [Your Company] is holding the
rejected goods with reasonable care at [Supplier's] disposition.
[Supplier] shall be responsible for all storage and handling costs
accruing after [Date + reasonable period].
If goods are not retrieved within thirty (30) days, [Your Company]
may sell them for [Supplier's] account pursuant to UCC Section 2-604.
Please respond by [Date] with your proposed resolution.
Very truly yours,
[Your Name]
[Company Name]
Enclosures:
- Exhibit A: Photographs and Inspection Report
- Copy of Purchase Order
- Product Specifications
[COMPANY LETTERHEAD]
[Date]
VIA INTERNATIONAL COURIER AND EMAIL
[Foreign Supplier Name]
[Address]
[Country]
[Email]
Re: Notice of Fundamental Breach and Avoidance of Contract
Contract/Order No. [Number] dated [Date]
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International
Sale of Goods (CISG) Applies
Dear [Name]:
This letter constitutes formal notice under the United Nations
Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
of [Supplier's] fundamental breach of the above-referenced contract.
I. APPLICABILITY OF CISG
This transaction is governed by the CISG as both [Your Country] and
[Supplier's Country] are Contracting States, and the parties have
their places of business in different States (CISG Article 1(1)(a)).
The parties have not excluded application of the CISG.
II. CONTRACT TERMS
The parties entered into a contract for the sale of:
Goods: [Description]
Quantity: [Amount]
Price: [Currency and Amount]
Incoterms: [e.g., FOB, CIF, etc.]
Delivery Date: [Date]
Delivery Point: [Location]
III. FUNDAMENTAL BREACH
[Supplier] has committed a fundamental breach under CISG Article 25
by [describe breach - e.g., failing to deliver goods / delivering
non-conforming goods]. This breach results in such detriment to
[Your Company] as substantially deprives us of what we were entitled
to expect under the contract, namely [describe expected benefit].
Specifically:
[X] Non-delivery of goods by agreed date (Articles 30, 33)
[X] Delivery of goods not conforming to contract (Article 35)
[X] Failure to deliver quantity specified (Article 35(1))
[X] Failure to deliver quality as per sample/description (Art. 35)
IV. NOTICE OF NON-CONFORMITY (IF APPLICABLE)
Pursuant to CISG Article 39, [Your Company] provides notice of the
following lack of conformity:
Nature of Non-Conformity: [Detailed description]
Date of Discovery: [Date]
Evidence: [Describe inspection/testing]
This notice is given within a reasonable time after discovery as
required by Article 39(1).
V. NACHFRIST NOTICE / ADDITIONAL PERIOD
Pursuant to CISG Article 47, [Your Company] hereby fixes an
additional period of [number] days (ending [Date]) for [Supplier]
to perform its obligations under the contract.
If [Supplier] fails to perform within this additional period,
[Your Company] may declare the contract avoided pursuant to
Article 49(1)(b).
VI. DECLARATION OF AVOIDANCE (IF NACHFRIST EXPIRED)
[If applicable] The additional period fixed in our notice dated
[Date] has expired without performance by [Supplier]. [Your Company]
hereby declares the contract AVOIDED pursuant to CISG Article 49(1).
VII. DAMAGES CLAIM
Pursuant to CISG Articles 74-77, [Your Company] claims damages as
follows:
Loss Equal to Sum of:
- Cover price difference (Art. 75): [Currency Amount]
- Loss of profit: [Currency Amount]
- Incidental expenses: [Currency Amount]
-------------------------------------------------
TOTAL: [Currency Amount]
These losses were foreseeable at the time of contracting as a
possible consequence of breach (Article 74).
VIII. DEMAND
[Your Company] demands that [Supplier]:
1. Refund all amounts paid: [Currency Amount];
2. Pay damages: [Currency Amount];
3. Total payment: [Currency Amount];
within fifteen (15) days by wire transfer to:
Bank: [Bank Name]
SWIFT/BIC: [Code]
Account: [Number]
IBAN: [If applicable]
IX. DISPUTE RESOLUTION
The contract provides for [arbitration under ICC Rules in Paris /
litigation in New York courts / other]. [Your Company] reserves the
right to initiate such proceedings if this demand is not satisfied.
Please confirm receipt and your response by [Date].
Very truly yours,
[Your Name]
[Title]
[Company Name]
[Country]
cc: [Your Legal Counsel]
[Trade Association if applicable]
Estrategias de Escalamiento
Fase 1: Notificacion y Documentacion
Notifique al proveedor por escrito inmediatamente al descubrir el problema. Preserve toda evidencia: fotos, muestras, documentos de envio. Bajo UCC y CISG, la notificacion oportuna es requisito para preservar derechos.
Fase 2: Negociacion Directa
Intente resolver directamente con el proveedor. Proponga soluciones: reemplazo, reparacion, credito, o reembolso. Documente todas las comunicaciones por escrito.
Fase 3: Nachfrist / Cure Period
De al proveedor un periodo adicional razonable para cumplir (requerido bajo CISG Article 47). Si no cumple dentro del nachfrist, puede declarar el contrato avoided.
Fase 4: Carta de Demanda Formal
Si las negociaciones fallan, envie carta de demanda formal a traves de abogado. Especifique todos los danos y de un plazo final para respuesta antes de iniciar accion legal.
Fase 5: Cover (Compra Sustituta)
Mientras negocia, puede necesitar cubrir comprando bienes sustitutos de otro proveedor. Documente el proceso de cover para recuperar la diferencia de precio como damages.
Fase 6: Mediacion/Arbitraje
Muchos contratos comerciales tienen clausulas de mediacion o arbitraje. Para disputas internacionales, ICC Arbitration es comun. Revise su contrato para dispute resolution clause.
Fase 7: Litigio
Como ultima opcion, presente demanda en el foro acordado. Para proveedores domesticos, tipicamente state court. Para internacionales, puede ser arbitraje ICC o corte especificada en contrato.
Preguntas Frecuentes
Bajo CISG Article 39, debe dar notice especificando la falta de conformidad en "tiempo razonable" despues de descubrirla o cuando deberia haberla descubierto. La jurisprudencia sugiere que un mes es generalmente el maximo.
Recomendacion: Notifique inmediatamente por escrito, idealmente dentro de 48-72 horas de descubrir el problema.
Bajo UCC: La "perfect tender rule" permite rechazo si los bienes o tender fallan en conformar en cualquier respecto, incluyendo tiempo de entrega si era termino del contrato.
Bajo CISG: Solo puede rechazar (avoid contract) si el retraso constituye "fundamental breach" - es decir, si le priva sustancialmente de lo que tenia derecho a esperar. Entregas tardias pueden o no ser fundamental dependiendo de las circunstancias.
Incluso si acepta bienes tardios, puede reclamar damages por la demora.
Requisitos para cover valido:
- Compra de buena fe
- Sin demora irrazonable
- Bienes razonablemente sustitutos (no tienen que ser identicos)
- Terminos comercialmente razonables
Documente: Guarde quotes de multiples proveedores para mostrar que el precio de cover era razonable. Mantenga invoices, ordenes de compra, y correspondencia relacionada con la transaccion de cover.
- El vendedor tenia razon de conocer estas perdidas potenciales al momento del contrato (foreseeability)
- Las perdidas no podian razonablemente prevenirse mediante cover u otras medidas
- Puede probar las perdidas con certeza razonable
Nota importante: Algunos contratos tienen clausulas que limitan o excluyen consequential damages. Revise los terminos de su contrato.
CISG aplica automaticamente si:
- La venta es de bienes (no servicios)
- Las partes tienen establecimientos en diferentes paises
- Ambos paises son signatarios de CISG
- Las partes no han excluido CISG en el contrato
Paises signatarios incluyen: EEUU, Mexico, China, Alemania, Francia, Italia, Espania, y 88 otros paises (pero NO UK, India, ni Sudafrica).
- Mantenerlos con cuidado razonable a disposicion del vendedor
- No usarlos ni disponer de ellos sin autorizacion
- Seguir instrucciones razonables del vendedor para retorno
Si el vendedor no da instrucciones o no recoge los bienes, tiene opciones adicionales bajo UCC Section 2-604:
- Almacenarlos por cuenta del vendedor
- Reenviarlos al vendedor
- Venderlos por cuenta del vendedor (con notificacion)
Importante: Preserve muestras para evidencia antes de retornar o disponer de los bienes.
Tipos comunes de limitaciones:
- Cap on damages: Limita recovery a cierta cantidad (ej: valor del contrato)
- Exclusion de consequentials: Excluye lost profits y otros danos indirectos
- Exclusive remedy: Limita a repair/replace
Cuando son inaplicables:
- Unconscionability (clausula irrazonablemente one-sided)
- Failure of essential purpose (el remedio exclusivo falla)
- Gross negligence o willful misconduct
- Personal injury (no aplican limitaciones)
Opciones:
- Arbitraje internacional: Si el contrato tiene clausula de arbitraje (comun ICC o UNCITRAL), puede iniciar procedimiento aun sin cooperacion del proveedor
- Litigio en el extranjero: Puede demandar en el pais del proveedor, pero enforcement es dificil
- Litigio local: Si puede establecer jurisdiction personal sobre el proveedor, puede demandar en EEUU
- Trade complaints: Dependiendo del pais, puede presentar queja ante camara de comercio o trade association
Prevencion: Para futuras transacciones, use Letters of Credit que le den control sobre el pago hasta verificar conformidad.
Privity requirement: Tradicionalmente, solo puede demandar por breach de warranty a quien le vendio. Sin embargo, muchos estados han relajado este requisito.
Cuando puede demandar al fabricante:
- Product liability claims (defecto causa injury)
- Garantias expresas del fabricante directamente a usted
- En estados que eliminaron privity para warranty claims
- Fraud o misrepresentation por el fabricante
Generalmente, su demanda principal sera contra su proveedor directo, con el fabricante como target secundario si aplica.
Disputas domesticas (UCC):
- Small claims (hasta $10-25K): $100-500 en fees
- Litigio comercial simple: $15,000 - $50,000
- Litigio complejo: $50,000 - $200,000+
Disputas internacionales (CISG):
- Arbitraje ICC: $50,000 - $200,000+ (mas fees de arbitradores)
- Litigio cross-border: $100,000+
Muchos abogados comerciales trabajan en contingencia parcial o fee structures hibridas para casos con meritos claros.
Obtenga Ayuda Legal
Las disputas con proveedores pueden afectar significativamente sus operaciones. Actue rapidamente para preservar sus derechos y minimizar danos adicionales.
Consulta con Especialista
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