📋 What is a Partnership Dispute?
A partnership dispute arises when partners disagree about the management, finances, or direction of their business, or when one partner breaches their duties to the partnership or other partners. Under California's Revised Uniform Partnership Act (RUPA), codified at Corporations Code Sections 16000-16962, partners owe each other fiduciary duties and have specific rights to information, accounting, and dissolution.
When to Use This Guide
Use this guide if your partner has:
🔒 Breach of Fiduciary Duty
Self-dealing, competing with the partnership, misappropriating opportunities, or failing to act in the partnership's best interest
💰 Improper Distributions
Taking unauthorized draws, unequal distributions, or depleting partnership assets without consent
📊 Denial of Accounting
Refusing to provide financial records, blocking access to books, or failing to account for partnership transactions
🚫 Management Disputes
Deadlock on major decisions, exclusion from management, or unilateral actions affecting partnership business
Types of Partnership Disputes Under California Law
🔴 Breach of Duty of Loyalty
▼Under Corp. Code Section 16404(b), each partner owes a duty of loyalty to the partnership and other partners. This includes the duty to account for profits derived from partnership business, refrain from dealing adversely to the partnership, and refrain from competing with the partnership.
Common violations: Diverting business opportunities, competing businesses, undisclosed self-dealing transactions, misappropriating partnership assets.
🟡 Breach of Duty of Care
▼Under Corp. Code Section 16404(c), partners must refrain from engaging in grossly negligent or reckless conduct, intentional misconduct, or knowing violations of law in conducting partnership business.
Note: California's standard is "grossly negligent" - simple negligence is generally not actionable. Partners are not liable for honest errors in business judgment.
🟢 Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
▼Under Corp. Code Section 16404(d), partners must discharge their duties consistent with the obligation of good faith and fair dealing. This is an objective standard measured by what a reasonable person would expect under the circumstances.
Examples: Deceptive conduct, withholding material information, acting to undermine the partnership's purpose, bad faith refusal to consent to necessary actions.
🔵 Accounting and Information Disputes
▼Under Corp. Code Section 16403, each partner has the right to access partnership books and records, obtain information concerning partnership business, and demand a formal accounting. These rights cannot be unreasonably restricted.
Triggers for formal accounting: Upon dissolution, partner's wrongful exclusion, when partner profits at partnership's expense, or whenever circumstances render it just and reasonable.
👍 What You Can Demand in a Partnership Dispute
- Formal accounting - Complete disclosure of all partnership transactions and finances
- Return of misappropriated funds - Disgorgement of improperly taken assets or profits
- Compensatory damages - Losses caused by breach of fiduciary duty
- Dissolution and winding up - Termination of the partnership and distribution of assets
- Buyout of interest - Purchase of your partnership interest at fair value
- Injunctive relief - Court order preventing ongoing harm
⚠ Statute of Limitations
California has different time limits depending on the nature of your claim:
- Breach of fiduciary duty: 4 years (CCP 343) - but may be tolled if breach was concealed
- Fraud: 3 years from discovery (CCP 338(d))
- Accounting: Generally 4 years, but may be filed at any time before dissolution is complete
- Written partnership agreement: 4 years (CCP 337)
Act promptly to preserve your rights.
⚖ Legal Basis
California's Revised Uniform Partnership Act (RUPA) provides the statutory framework for partnership rights and duties. These statutes support your demand.
Key California Statutes
Corporations Code Section 16404 - Fiduciary Duties
The only fiduciary duties a partner owes to the partnership and other partners are: (a) to account for profits and hold as trustee any property derived from partnership business; (b) to refrain from dealing adversely or competing with the partnership; (c) to refrain from grossly negligent conduct; and (d) to act in good faith and deal fairly.
Corporations Code Section 16403 - Right to Information
Each partner has the right to: access partnership books and records; obtain from the partnership and other partners complete information concerning partnership business and affairs; and demand a formal accounting of partnership affairs whenever circumstances render it just and reasonable.
Corporations Code Section 16801 - Dissolution Events
A partnership is dissolved by: express will of any partner (at-will partnership); expiration of term or achievement of purpose; unanimous consent of all partners; judicial determination that it is not reasonably practicable to carry on the partnership business; or illegal business.
Corporations Code Section 16701 - Dissociation and Buyout
A partner who dissociates from a partnership for which there is a term or particular undertaking is entitled to a buyout of their partnership interest. The buyout price equals the amount distributable if the partnership were wound up on the date of dissociation.
Jones v. Wells Fargo Bank (2003) 112 Cal.App.4th 1527
California Court of Appeal case confirming that partners owe the highest fiduciary duties to each other, requiring complete disclosure, good faith, and fair dealing. Partners stand in a relationship of trust and confidence.
Elements of a Fiduciary Duty Claim
- Fiduciary relationship existed - Partnership creates automatic fiduciary duties under RUPA
- Breach of duty - Partner violated duty of loyalty, care, or good faith
- Causation - The breach caused harm to you or the partnership
- Damages - Quantifiable financial harm resulted from the breach
💡 Derivative vs. Direct Claims
Partners may bring claims directly for personal harm, or derivatively on behalf of the partnership for harm to the partnership. Under Corp. Code Section 16405, a partner may maintain an action against the partnership or another partner for legal or equitable relief to enforce the partner's rights under RUPA or the partnership agreement.
💰 Calculate Your Damages
In partnership disputes, damages can be substantial and may include both compensatory and equitable remedies.
| Damage Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Disgorgement of Profits | Under Corp. Code 16404(b), a partner who profits from partnership business or use of partnership property must account for and return those profits. This includes secret profits, commissions, and undisclosed benefits. |
| Return of Misappropriated Assets | Direct return of any partnership funds or property improperly taken or converted by the breaching partner. |
| Lost Profits | Your share of partnership profits lost due to the breach, including diverted business opportunities and reduced partnership income. |
| Diminished Partnership Value | Reduction in the value of your partnership interest caused by the breach (relevant for buyout or dissolution). |
| Buyout Price | Under Corp. Code 16701, the fair value of your partnership interest calculated as if the partnership were wound up on the dissociation date. |
| Punitive Damages | Available in cases of fraud, oppression, or malice. Unlike pure contract claims, fiduciary duty breaches may support punitive damages. See Civil Code 3294. |
📊 Sample Damages Calculation
Example: Partner Self-Dealing and Misappropriation
⚠ Punitive Damages May Apply
Unlike ordinary breach of contract claims, breaches of fiduciary duty may support punitive damages under California Civil Code 3294 if the conduct involves fraud, oppression, or malice. This can significantly increase the value of your claim and provides additional leverage in negotiations.
✅ Evidence Checklist
Gather these documents before sending your demand letter. Click to check off items as you collect them.
📄 Partnership Agreement
- ✓ Original partnership agreement (written or evidence of oral terms)
- ✓ Any amendments, modifications, or side agreements
- ✓ Capital contribution records and receipts
- ✓ Profit/loss sharing agreements
📈 Financial Records
- ✓ Partnership tax returns (Form 1065 and K-1s)
- ✓ Bank statements for all partnership accounts
- ✓ QuickBooks, accounting software, or bookkeeping records
- ✓ Distribution records and partner draw history
- ✓ Financial statements (balance sheets, P&L)
📩 Communications
- ✓ Emails and texts between partners
- ✓ Meeting minutes and partner resolutions
- ✓ Prior demands for accounting or information
- ✓ Any written admissions or acknowledgments
💳 Bank Records
- ✓ Partnership checking and savings account statements
- ✓ Wire transfer and ACH records
- ✓ Credit card statements for partnership cards
- ✓ Check images and deposit slips
- ✓ Evidence of unauthorized transfers
🔒 Exercise Your Information Rights
Under Corp. Code Section 16403, you have a statutory right to access partnership books and records. If your partner is blocking access, document your requests in writing. Denial of access can itself be a breach of fiduciary duty and may support your demand for a formal accounting.
📝 Sample Language
Copy and customize these paragraphs for your demand letter.
📄 Full Sample Demand Letter
Below is a complete demand letter template for partnership disputes. Copy and customize with your specific facts.
[YOUR ADDRESS]
[CITY, STATE ZIP]
[YOUR EMAIL]
[YOUR PHONE]
AND EMAIL: [PARTNER EMAIL]
[PARTNER NAME]
[PARTNER ADDRESS]
[CITY, STATE ZIP]
I am writing in my capacity as a partner in [PARTNERSHIP NAME] (the "Partnership"), a California general partnership formed on or about [FORMATION DATE]. I made an initial capital contribution of $[CAPITAL CONTRIBUTION] and hold a [PERCENTAGE]% interest in the Partnership. This letter constitutes a formal demand for accounting, return of misappropriated funds, and notice of your material breach of fiduciary duties owed to me and to the Partnership.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The Partnership was formed to engage in [BUSINESS PURPOSE]. Under our partnership agreement [dated DATE / or, if oral, as mutually agreed], profits and losses were to be shared [equally / in proportion to capital contributions / per specific percentages], and major business decisions required [mutual consent / majority vote / unanimous agreement].
I have recently discovered that you have engaged in conduct that constitutes a serious breach of your fiduciary duties as a partner. Specifically, you have:
1. [DESCRIBE FIRST BREACH - e.g., "Taken unauthorized distributions totaling approximately $85,000 from the Partnership account between January 2024 and June 2024, without my knowledge or consent and in excess of your proportionate share."]
2. [DESCRIBE SECOND BREACH - e.g., "Diverted at least three business opportunities that rightfully belonged to the Partnership to your separately-owned company, [COMPANY NAME], resulting in lost profits to the Partnership of approximately $120,000."]
3. [DESCRIBE THIRD BREACH - e.g., "Failed to disclose and account for commissions and referral fees totaling approximately $35,000 that you received from Partnership vendors."]
4. [DESCRIBE ADDITIONAL BREACHES AS APPLICABLE]
LEGAL BASIS
Under California's Revised Uniform Partnership Act, Corporations Code Sections 16000-16962, you owe fiduciary duties to both the Partnership and to me as your co-partner. Specifically:
Corporations Code Section 16404(b) requires you to account to the Partnership for any profit derived from Partnership business or use of Partnership property, and to refrain from dealing with the Partnership on behalf of parties having an adverse interest.
Corporations Code Section 16404(d) requires you to discharge your duties in good faith and deal fairly with the Partnership and your co-partners.
Your conduct, as described above, constitutes a material breach of these statutory duties. Under California law, partners stand in a fiduciary relationship requiring the highest good faith, candor, and fair dealing. See Jones v. Wells Fargo Bank (2003) 112 Cal.App.4th 1527.
DEMAND FOR ACCOUNTING
Pursuant to Corporations Code Section 16403, I hereby demand a complete and formal accounting of all Partnership affairs from [START DATE] to present. Within fifteen (15) days of this letter, you must provide:
1. Complete bank statements for all Partnership accounts;
2. All Partnership financial records, including QuickBooks files or equivalent;
3. Documentation of all distributions made to either partner;
4. All contracts, invoices, and business records;
5. Partnership tax returns (Form 1065) and Schedules K-1;
6. A complete list of Partnership assets and liabilities.
DEMAND FOR PAYMENT
Based on the information currently available to me, I demand that you pay to the Partnership the sum of $[TOTAL AMOUNT], representing:
Unauthorized distributions: $[AMOUNT]
Diverted business profits (Partnership share): $[AMOUNT]
Undisclosed commissions/fees: $[AMOUNT]
[OTHER ITEMS AS APPLICABLE]: $[AMOUNT]
TOTAL: $[TOTAL]
This demand is based on limited information. Following a complete accounting, the amount owed may increase. I reserve all rights to seek additional damages.
DISSOLUTION / DISSOCIATION NOTICE
[INCLUDE IF SEEKING DISSOLUTION:] Given your material breach of fiduciary duties and the irreparable breakdown of our partnership relationship, I hereby provide notice of my intent to dissolve the Partnership pursuant to Corporations Code Section 16801. [For at-will partnerships: This notice is effective immediately.] [For term partnerships: I am dissociating from the Partnership pursuant to Section 16601 and demand a buyout of my partnership interest at fair value pursuant to Section 16701.]
DEADLINE AND CONSEQUENCES
You must respond to this demand in writing within thirty (30) days - by [DEADLINE DATE]. Your response must include the complete accounting demanded above and a proposal for returning the misappropriated funds.
If you fail to respond adequately by this deadline, I will have no choice but to pursue all available legal remedies, including but not limited to:
1. Filing a civil action for breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, and accounting;
2. Seeking preliminary injunctive relief to protect Partnership assets;
3. Petitioning for judicial dissolution under Corporations Code Section 16801(5);
4. Seeking compensatory damages, disgorgement of profits, and punitive damages;
5. Seeking an award of attorneys' fees and costs.
This letter is written to resolve this dispute without litigation. However, I am prepared to take all necessary legal action to protect my rights and the interests of the Partnership.
This letter is not intended to be, and shall not be construed as, a waiver of any rights or claims I may have. All rights are expressly reserved.
Very truly yours,
_______________________________
[YOUR NAME]
Partner, [PARTNERSHIP NAME]
Enclosures:
- Copy of Partnership Agreement
- [LIST OTHER SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS]
cc: [YOUR ATTORNEY, IF APPLICABLE]
🚀 Next Steps
What to do after sending your demand letter.
Expected Timeline
Days 1-7
Partner receives and reviews demand; likely consults with attorney
Days 7-21
Partner gathers records for accounting; evaluates settlement options
Days 21-30
Response with accounting, counteroffer, or denial; negotiation begins
If They Don't Respond or Pay
-
Consult a Business Litigation Attorney
Partnership disputes are complex. Many attorneys offer free initial consultations. Look for experience in business litigation and partnership law specifically.
-
File for Judicial Accounting
You can petition the court for an order compelling your partner to provide a complete accounting under Corp. Code 16403. The court can appoint a receiver or accountant if necessary.
-
Seek Preliminary Injunction
If your partner is dissipating partnership assets or continuing harmful conduct, seek immediate injunctive relief to preserve the status quo.
-
File Civil Lawsuit
Claims may include breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, conversion, and accounting. California Superior Court has jurisdiction for unlimited civil cases over $25,000.
-
Consider Mediation
Many partnership agreements require mediation before litigation. Even without such a requirement, mediation can be cost-effective for resolving partnership disputes.
⚠ Protect Partnership Assets
If you believe your partner is dissipating or hiding partnership assets:
- Document everything immediately with screenshots and copies
- Consider freezing joint accounts (but be aware this may trigger counterclaims)
- Seek emergency injunctive relief from the court
- Preserve all electronic evidence - do not delete anything
Need Legal Help?
Partnership disputes can become contentious and complex. Get a 30-minute strategy call with an attorney to evaluate your case and discuss your options.
Book Consultation - $125California Resources
- California Corporations Code: leginfo.legislature.ca.gov - Full text of RUPA (Sections 16000-16962)
- California Courts Self-Help: selfhelp.courts.ca.gov - Free forms and guides for civil cases
- State Bar Lawyer Referral: calbar.ca.gov - Find a certified business litigation specialist
- JAMS Mediation: jamsadr.com - Private mediation and arbitration services
- California Small Claims: courts.ca.gov/selfhelp-smallclaims.htm - For claims up to $10,000