Претензия по дефектам ПО: когда и как требовать возмещения
Software bugs могут стоить миллионы
Критический дефект в production system может привести к data loss, downtime, security breaches, regulatory fines. Досудебная претензия - первый шаг к возмещению убытков от vendor или developer. Главное - правильно задокументировать defect и causation.
Основные типы софтверных споров
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Критические баги в продакшене
Software crashes, data corruption, security vulnerabilities не обнаруженные до deployment, вызвавшие business losses.
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Нарушение SLA / uptime guarantees
Обещанная доступность 99.9% не соблюдена, frequent outages, performance degradation ниже contractual minimums.
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Недопоставка функционала
Custom development project: agreed features не реализованы, deliverables не соответствуют specs или SOW.
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Потеря данных / data breach
Недостаточные backups, database corruption, или security breach из-за negligent coding привели к data loss.
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Abandonment проекта
Разработчик прекратил support, исчез mid-project, или отказался исправлять известные defects несмотря на warranty.
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IP / licensing споры
Vendor использовал third-party code без license, нарушения GPL, или споры о ownership developed code.
Ключевые отличия software споров от обычных contract disputes
Сложность доказывания causation: Нужно показать, что именно vendor's defect (а не ваша инфраструктура, third-party integrations, user error) вызвал убытки. Требуются expert witnesses.
Limitation of liability clauses: Практически все software contracts содержат caps (например, "liability limited to fees paid"). Нужно argue для exceptions (gross negligence, willful misconduct).
Disclaimer of warranties: Vendor обычно disclaims implied warranties (merchantability, fitness). Можно argue только по express warranties в contract или misrepresentations.
Consequential damages exclusions: "No liability for lost profits, data loss, business interruption" - standard clause. Но некоторые штаты не позволяют такие disclaimers в consumer contracts.
Acceptance testing procedures: Если вы формально "accepted" software - сложнее claim defects позже. Но latent defects (не обнаруживаемые при разумном тестировании) могут быть exception.
Duty to mitigate: Вы обязаны минимизировать убытки (например, implement workaround, switch to backup system). Failure to mitigate снижает recoverable damages.
Типичный timeline software dispute
Обнаружение дефекта
Bug report, system crash, customer complaints. Немедленно зафиксируйте: logs, error messages, timestamps, impacted users/transactions.
Уведомление vendor (в соответствии с contract)
Большинство software contracts требуют formal notice о defects в определенный срок (10-30 дней). Проверьте "Notice" section.
Cure period
Vendor обычно имеет право на cure (30-90 дней для исправления бага). Вы не можете сразу требовать refund - должны дать reasonable opportunity to fix.
Эскалация / demand letter
Если vendor не исправил в cure period, или отрицает ответственность - формальная досудебная претензия с расчетом убытков.
Переговоры / mediation
Software contracts часто требуют mediation before arbitration/litigation. Участвуйте in good faith, но не соглашайтесь на unfair settlement.
Arbitration или litigation
Если mediation fails - проверьте contract на arbitration clause. Если нет - lawsuit в court (обычно в jurisdiction указанном в contract).
Software escrow - защита для клиента
Для критичных систем требуйте source code escrow (третья сторона держит копию кода). Если vendor abandons project или goes bankrupt - вы получаете доступ к коду для maintenance. Это leverage в переговорах.
Правовая база: UCC, warranties, negligence, fraud
Software = goods или services?
Зависит от штата и context. Custom development = обычно services (common law contract). Off-the-shelf software license = goods (UCC Article 2 в некоторых штатах). SaaS = services + licensing. Это важно, т.к. warranties и remedies отличаются.
Применимые законы и доктрины
UCC Article 2 (если software = goods): Implied warranty of merchantability (§ 2-314) - software должен быть "fit for ordinary purposes". Implied warranty of fitness for particular purpose (§ 2-315) - если vendor знал ваше specific use case.
Common Law Breach of Contract: Если custom development или SaaS. Элементы: (1) valid contract, (2) breach (non-performance или defective performance), (3) causation, (4) damages.
Professional Negligence / Malpractice: Если developer held out as "expert", можете claim negligent performance (failed to meet industry standard of care). Требуется expert testimony.
Economic Loss Doctrine (ограничение tort claims): В большинстве штатов чисто economic losses (без physical injury/property damage) не recoverable in tort - только contract claim. Но fraud = exception.
State Consumer Protection Acts: Если вы = small business или consumer, некоторые штаты позволяют stronger remedies (treble damages, attorneys' fees) за deceptive trade practices.
Защита vendor: "As is", disclaimer в EULA, "no warranties except as expressly stated".
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Implied Warranties
Merchantability: Software годен для обычного использования (не crashes constantly, basic функционал работает).
Fitness for purpose: Если продавец знал ваше specific need и рекомендовал product.
Disclaimer: Vendor может disclaim implied warranties ("AS IS", "WITH ALL FAULTS"), но не во всех states это enforceable (особенно consumer contracts).
Limitation of Liability Clauses: когда unenforceable
Практически все software contracts содержат:
• Cap на damages (обычно = fees paid за 12 месяцев)
• Exclusion consequential damages (lost profits, data loss)
• Disclaimer indirect, incidental, punitive damages
Эти clauses могут быть unenforceable если:
1. Unconscionable: Крайне one-sided, lack of bargaining power (adhesion contract)
2. Gross negligence / willful misconduct: Многие штаты не позволяют limit liability for intentional harm
3. Failure of essential purpose: Если limited remedy (например, "repair or replace") fails of its essential purpose, остальные remedies становятся available (UCC § 2-719)
4. Public policy violations: Например, нельзя disclaim liability за personal injury в некоторых states
5. Consumer protection laws: State statutes могут override contractual limitations для B2C transactions
Damages в software споре: что можно взыскать
Типы recoverable damages (если нет valid limitation clause)
Расходы на third-party developers для исправления, alternative software licensing
Sales lost из-за system downtime, customers churned due to poor performance
Forensic data recovery, reconstruction of lost records, backup restoration
GDPR/CCPA fines если software breach caused personal data exposure
Если fundamental breach - можете требовать возврата всех заплаченных денег
Многие software contracts имеют "prevailing party" clause для fees
Шаблоны претензий по дефектам ПО
Соблюдайте contractual notice requirements
Проверьте "Notice" section в вашем software agreement. Обычно требуется: (1) письменное уведомление, (2) на определенный email/адрес, (3) в течение X дней с обнаружения defect. Нарушение procedure может лишить вас права на remedy.
Претензия: Critical Production Bug
Subject: URGENT - Critical Defect in [Software Name] - Demand for Immediate Resolution
[Vendor Company]
[Support/Legal Department]
[Address]
Re: Contract #[number] - Material Breach Due to Critical Software Defect
Dear [Vendor Contact]:
This letter constitutes formal notice of a critical defect in [Software/Module Name] (Version [X]) deployed in our production environment, causing substantial business losses.
DEFECT DESCRIPTION:
• Software Component: [specific module/feature]
• Version/Build: [number]
• Deployment Date: [date]
• Defect Discovered: [date and time]
• Error Description: [specific behavior - e.g., "database transaction rollback failure causing data corruption"]
• Severity: Critical (P0) - production system down
IMPACT ON OUR BUSINESS:
• System downtime: [X] hours from [start time] to [end time]
• Transactions affected: [number] (valued at $[amount])
• Customers impacted: [number]
• Data integrity issues: [describe corruption/loss]
• Estimated revenue loss: $[amount]
• Emergency mitigation costs: $[amount] (third-party consultants, overtime)
EVIDENCE OF DEFECT:
Attached are:
1. System logs showing error messages (Exhibit A)
2. Screenshots of crashes/error states (Exhibit B)
3. Database integrity check results (Exhibit C)
4. Timeline of incidents (Exhibit D)
Our technical team has confirmed this is NOT due to:
• Misconfiguration on our end
• Third-party integration issues
• Infrastructure problems
• User error
The defect is reproducible and directly attributable to [Software Name] code.
CONTRACTUAL VIOLATIONS:
Per Software License Agreement dated [date]:
1. Section [X] - Express Warranty: "Software will perform substantially in accordance with Documentation"
→ Software fails core documented functionality
2. Section [Y] - SLA Guarantee: "99.9% uptime"
→ Actual uptime this month: [%] due to this defect
3. Section [Z] - Support Response Time: "P0 issues resolved within 4 hours"
→ Your team acknowledged issue [date] but has not provided fix as of [date] ([X] days later)
DAMAGES INCURRED:
• Direct Revenue Loss: $[amount]
• Data Recovery Costs: $[amount]
• Emergency Consulting Fees: $[amount]
• Customer Credits/Refunds: $[amount]
• Reputational Harm: [describe, difficult to quantify]
TOTAL: $[AMOUNT]
DEMANDS:
1. IMMEDIATE patch or hotfix (within 48 hours)
2. Root cause analysis and guarantee this won't recur
3. Compensation for damages: $[amount]
4. SLA credits per contract terms: $[amount]
5. Commitment to enhanced testing before future releases
CURE PERIOD:
Per Contract Section [X], you have [30] days from this notice to cure the breach. However, given the critical nature and ongoing losses, we require immediate action.
If defect is not resolved by [DATE - 7 days], and compensation not agreed by [DATE - 30 days], we will:
• Terminate the agreement for material breach
• Demand full refund of license fees paid: $[amount]
• Pursue damages in [arbitration/court per contract]
• Seek preliminary injunction if you attempt to enforce non-compete or non-solicitation clauses
We value our relationship but cannot continue to sustain losses due to defective software. Please treat this with utmost urgency.
Contact our CTO [Name] at [email/phone] to coordinate immediate resolution.
Sincerely,
[Your Name]
[Title]
[Company]
cc: [Your Attorney if retained]
Для critical bugs вызвавших immediate business impact. Тон срочный но профессиональный.
Subject: Notice of Material Breach - Failure to Deliver Contracted Functionality
[Developer/Vendor Company]
[Project Manager/CEO]
[Address]
Re: Software Development Agreement dated [DATE] - Breach of Contract
Dear [Name]:
[Client Company] ("Client") engaged [Developer Company] ("Developer") to create custom software per Statement of Work dated [DATE]. Developer has failed to deliver agreed functionality, constituting material breach.
CONTRACT TERMS:
• SOW dated: [date]
• Total contract value: $[amount]
• Paid to date: $[amount]
• Delivery deadline: [date]
• Acceptance criteria: [reference section of SOW]
AGREED DELIVERABLES (per SOW Section [X]):
1. [Feature/Module 1 - specific description]
2. [Feature/Module 2 - specific description]
3. [Feature/Module 3 - specific description]
[...continue list]
ACTUAL DELIVERABLES - DEFICIENCIES:
1. [Feature 1]: NOT DELIVERED despite being in SOW
• Contractual requirement: [quote SOW]
• Current status: Missing entirely / Partially implemented / Non-functional
2. [Feature 2]: DOES NOT MEET SPECIFICATIONS
• SOW requirement: [quote]
• Actual implementation: [describe deviation]
• Impact: Cannot be used for intended purpose
3. [Feature 3]: DELIVERED LATE (beyond cure period)
• Due date per SOW: [date]
• Actually delivered: [date] ([X] days late)
ACCEPTANCE TESTING FAILURES:
Per SOW Section [Y], software must pass User Acceptance Testing before final payment. Testing conducted [date] revealed:
• [X] critical bugs (attached UAT report - Exhibit A)
• [Y] features failed to meet acceptance criteria
• Overall: SOFTWARE REJECTED per contract terms
COMMUNICATION TIMELINE:
• [DATE]: Initial delivery received, deficiencies noted
• [DATE]: Email to Developer listing issues (Exhibit B)
• [DATE]: Developer promised fixes by [date] - not delivered
• [DATE]: Follow-up meeting - Developer requested extension
• [DATE]: Extended deadline passed - still not compliant
• [DATE]: This formal notice of breach
FINANCIAL IMPACT:
• Cannot launch product to customers (lost revenue: $[amount/month])
• Paid third-party consultant to assess code quality: $[amount]
• Opportunity cost (delayed market entry): $[amount]
• May need to hire different developer to complete: $[estimated amount]
BREACH OF CONTRACT CLAIMS:
1. Failure to deliver all contracted deliverables
2. Delivered software does not meet specifications (breach of express warranty)
3. Missed deadlines without justification
4. Breach of implied warranty of workmanlike performance
DEMANDS:
Option 1 (Preferred): Complete the work properly
• Fix all identified defects within 30 days
• Implement missing features per SOW
• Pass UAT per contract criteria
• No additional charges to Client
Option 2: Partial refund and contract termination
• Refund $[amount] (proportionate to undelivered features)
• Deliver all source code, documentation, and work product to date
• Assign all IP rights to Client per contract
Option 3: Full refund and rescission
• Return all fees paid: $[total amount]
• Mutual release of all claims
• Client retains any work product created to date
DEADLINE: [DATE - 15 days from letter]
If you do not respond or cure by the above deadline, Client will:
• Terminate agreement for cause (no further payment due)
• Demand return of all funds paid
• Seek damages for breach including consequential losses
• File lawsuit in [jurisdiction per contract]
• Report non-performance (may impact your future RFPs)
We gave multiple opportunities to remedy. This is the final notice before legal action.
Please respond by [DATE - 7 days] indicating which option you will pursue.
Sincerely,
[Your Name], [Title]
[Company]
Enclosures:
- UAT Report (Exhibit A)
- Email correspondence (Exhibit B)
- SOW with redlines showing gaps (Exhibit C)
Для custom development где vendor не delivered согласно SOW. Предлагайте опции для resolution.
Претензия: SLA Breach / Repeated Downtime
Subject: Notice of SLA Violations - Demand for Service Credits and Remediation
[SaaS Provider]
[Customer Success / Legal]
[Address]
Re: Account #[number] - Material SLA Breaches
Dear [Provider]:
[Client Company] subscribed to [SaaS Product] under Master Subscription Agreement dated [DATE]. Your service has repeatedly violated Service Level Agreement terms, causing significant business disruption.
CONTRACT SLA COMMITMENTS (per Agreement Section [X]):
• Uptime Guarantee: 99.95% per month
• Maximum Unplanned Downtime: 21.6 minutes/month
• Incident Response: Critical issues acknowledged within 1 hour
• Resolution Time: P0 incidents resolved within 4 hours
ACTUAL PERFORMANCE - VIOLATIONS:
Month [Month/Year]:
• Total downtime: [X] hours ([Y] minutes)
• Uptime: [%] (BELOW guaranteed 99.95%)
• Incidents: [list dates and durations]
Month [Month/Year]:
• Total downtime: [X] hours
• Uptime: [%]
• Incidents: [list]
Month [Month/Year]:
• Total downtime: [X] hours
• Uptime: [%]
• Incidents: [list]
PATTERN OF FAILURES:
This is not isolated. Over [X] months, you have failed SLA [Y] times. Common issues:
• Database performance degradation during peak hours
• API timeouts and 500 errors
• Scheduled maintenance exceeding announced windows
• Lack of advance notice for maintenance
BUSINESS IMPACT:
• Our customers cannot access services during outages
• Lost transactions/orders: [number] valued at $[amount]
• Customer complaints: [number]
• Staff overtime to handle issues: $[cost]
• Reputational damage (we resell your service to our customers)
SUPPORT RESPONSE INADEQUATE:
• Incident #[number] ([date]): Took [X] hours to acknowledge (SLA = 1 hour)
• Incident #[number]: No resolution provided, issue resolved itself after [duration]
• Your team repeatedly blames "network issues" without evidence
• Root cause analyses promised but never delivered
SLA CREDITS OWED (per Contract § [Y]):
Per your own SLA terms:
• [Month]: [%] downtime = [X]% credit = $[amount]
• [Month]: [%] downtime = [X]% credit = $[amount]
• [Month]: [%] downtime = [X]% credit = $[amount]
TOTAL SLA CREDITS DUE: $[AMOUNT]
ADDITIONAL DAMAGES BEYOND SLA CREDITS:
• Lost revenue due to service unavailability: $[amount]
• Customer refunds/credits we issued: $[amount]
• Cost to implement backup/failover system: $[amount]
DEMANDS:
1. Immediate issuance of SLA credits: $[amount]
2. Additional compensation for losses: $[amount]
3. Detailed root cause analysis for each major incident
4. Corrective action plan to prevent recurrence
5. Commitment to infrastructure upgrades (with timeline)
6. Option to terminate contract without penalty if SLA violated again in next 3 months
DEADLINE: [DATE - 30 days]
If SLA credits and remediation plan not received by above date:
• We will exercise contract termination right per Section [Z] (termination for cause)
• Demand pro-rata refund of prepaid subscription: $[amount]
• Pursue damages for breach of contract
• Public disclosure of service reliability issues (permitted under contract)
• Escalate to [arbitration/litigation per agreement]
Your SLA is not just marketing - it's a binding contractual commitment. We rely on your service for our business operations and cannot tolerate continued failures.
Please respond by [DATE - 15 days] with:
1. Confirmation of SLA credits
2. Proposed remediation plan
3. Executive commitment to service improvements
Sincerely,
[Your Name], [Title]
cc: Our legal counsel
Для SaaS providers с repeated SLA breaches. Фокус на contractual SLA credits + дополнительные убытки.
Претензия: Data Loss / Security Breach из-за Software Defect
Subject: URGENT - Data Loss Incident Due to Software Defect - Legal Notice
[Software Vendor]
[CEO / Legal Department]
[Address]
Re: Data Loss and Security Breach - Demand for Immediate Action and Compensation
Dear [Vendor]:
On [DATE], a critical defect in [Software Name] resulted in catastrophic data loss and potential security breach affecting [Client Company]'s systems and customer data.
INCIDENT SUMMARY:
• Date/Time: [timestamp]
• Affected System: [software/module]
• Root Cause: Software bug in [specific component]
• Data Impacted: [describe - customer records, financial data, etc.]
• Volume: [X] records / [Y] GB of data
• Recovery Status: [partial/none/ongoing]
SOFTWARE DEFECT IDENTIFIED:
Your software version [X] contains a bug in [functionality] that caused:
• [Technical description of bug]
• Our forensic analysis confirms the defect originated in your code (report attached - Exhibit A)
• This is NOT due to misconfiguration, user error, or third-party systems
NEGLIGENCE BY VENDOR:
• This bug was KNOWN to you (referenced in support ticket #[number] from [date]) but not disclosed to customers
• No patch or security advisory issued
• Inadequate testing before release (industry standard = [describe], you did not perform)
CONTRACTUAL BREACHES:
1. Breach of Express Warranty (Agreement § [X])
"Software will maintain data integrity and security"
2. Breach of Implied Warranty of Merchantability
Software not fit for basic purpose (data storage/protection)
3. Negligent Coding / Professional Malpractice
Failed to meet industry standard of care for software development
DATA BREACH REGULATORY IMPLICATIONS:
This incident triggered obligations under:
• GDPR (if EU persons affected): We must notify within 72 hours
• CCPA (California customers)
• [State] data breach notification law
• HIPAA (if health data involved)
Our legal and compliance costs to handle notifications and potential fines.
DAMAGES INCURRED:
• Data forensics and recovery attempts: $[amount]
• Regulatory notification costs: $[amount]
• Credit monitoring for affected customers: $[amount/person × number]
• Expected regulatory fines: $[estimated]
• Customer lawsuits (potential): $[exposure]
• Business interruption: $[amount]
• Reputational harm: [incalculable]
TOTAL ESTIMATED DAMAGES: $[AMOUNT]
IMMEDIATE DEMANDS:
1. Within 24 hours:
• Acknowledge responsibility for the defect
• Provide emergency patch or workaround
• Technical resources to assist in data recovery
2. Within 7 days:
• Comprehensive root cause analysis
• Detailed forensic report on data exposure
• List of all customers potentially affected by this bug
3. Within 30 days:
• Payment of $[amount] for incurred costs
• Commitment to cover regulatory fines and legal settlements
• Agreement to fund customer notification and credit monitoring
LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF NON-COMPLIANCE:
• Immediate lawsuit for negligence, breach of contract, breach of warranty
• Seek punitive damages (gross negligence in failing to disclose known bug)
• Report to relevant regulatory authorities
• Public disclosure of incident and your role (we are legally required to notify affected parties)
• Your limitation of liability clause likely UNENFORCEABLE given gross negligence
We expect your immediate response and cooperation. This is a crisis requiring urgent action, not standard support ticket handling.
Contact [Your CTO] at [phone] and [Your Legal Counsel] at [phone] immediately.
Time is of the essence.
[Your Name]
[Title]
cc: [State] Attorney General (Data Privacy Division)
[Regulatory Body]
Our Cyber Insurance Carrier
Enclosures:
- Forensic Analysis Report (Exhibit A)
- Timeline of Incident (Exhibit B)
- Support Ticket History Showing You Were Aware of Bug (Exhibit C)
Очень серьезная ситуация. Тон urgent, упоминание регуляторов создает max pressure. Copy relevant authorities.
Чек-лист: подготовка и отправка претензии по ПО
ДО отправки претензии
Сбор доказательств и документации
Отправка претензии
Формальные требования
ПОСЛЕ отправки претензии
Мониторинг и escalation
Mitigation vs. Acceptance: когда переходить на другое ПО
Вы обязаны minimize damages. Если vendor не исправляет критический дефект в reasonable time - суд ожидает, что вы примете mitigation measures (временный workaround, переход на alternative software). Но это не лишает вас права взыскать убытки за migration costs и losses до mitigation.
Часто задаваемые вопросы (FAQ)
Зависит от обстоятельств. "AS IS" clause может disclaim IMPLIED warranties (merchantability, fitness), но не защищает от: (1) breach EXPRESS warranties (если vendor конкретно обещал функционал), (2) fraud или intentional misrepresentation, (3) gross negligence в некоторых states, (4) violations consumer protection laws. Кроме того, если limited remedy "fails of its essential purpose" - disclaimers могут стать unenforceable.
Сложно, но возможно. Большинство software contracts исключают consequential damages (включая lost profits). Exceptions: (1) Если limitation clause unconscionable (крайне unfair), (2) gross negligence или willful misconduct (многие states не позволяют limit liability за intentional harm), (3) fraud claims (tort, не contract), (4) если limited remedy failed of essential purpose (например, "repair or replace" оказался невозможен). Нужен сильный attorney для arguing exceptions.
Acceptance не означает waiver всех claims. Вы все равно можете claim: (1) Latent defects - баги, которые не могли быть обнаружены при reasonable inspection/testing, (2) Breach of warranty - если vendor давал warranty на определенный период после acceptance, (3) Fraud - если vendor знал о дефекте но скрыл. Ключ - доказать, что дефект был latent (не очевиден при UAT) или vendor fraudulently concealed.
Зависит от contract IP clause. Типичные варианты: Work for hire: Вы (клиент) владеете кодом с момента создания, даже если не оплачен полностью. Assignment upon payment: Developer сохраняет ownership до full payment; потом transfers. License model: Developer retains ownership, вам дается license.
Если contract unclear - применяется default rule: author (developer) owns copyright до explicit assignment. Но если вы платили за custom work - можете argue implied license to use.
НЕТ, если: (1) bugs являются breach of warranty или contract specs, (2) в warranty period (обычно 90 дней - 1 год после delivery), (3) это не new features а именно исправление defects. Vendor обязан fix bugs бесплатно в рамках warranty. Но если вы requested NEW functionality или changes to original specs - это chargeable. Также проверьте различие между "bug" (не работает как задумано) vs "enhancement" (работает, но вы хотите по-другому).
UCC § 2-719(2): Если contractual remedy (например, "vendor will repair or replace defective software") становится невозможным или неэффективным - это "failure of essential purpose". Тогда вы можете pursue другие remedies (damages, rescission), даже если contract их ограничивал. Пример: Vendor пытался исправить критический баг 5 раз, все попытки failed, система все еще unusable. "Repair" remedy failed → вы можете требовать refund + damages несмотря на limitation clause.
Да, если: (1) payment привязан к acceptance/milestones, и software не прошло acceptance criteria, (2) баги являются material breach (существенные, не мелкие), (3) contract позволяет withholding для non-conforming delivery. НО: если вы withhold payment необоснованно - vendor может claim вы в breach и прекратить support. Лучше: formally notify vendor о defects, place payment in escrow pending resolution, продолжать good faith negotiations. Не просто ignore invoice - это создает ваш собственный breach risk.
Практически всегда ДА для: (1) Causation: Доказать, что именно vendor's code (а не ваша система) вызвал проблему, (2) Standard of care: Что vendor нарушил industry best practices в разработке/testing, (3) Damages calculation: Сколько стоит исправить, какова market value quality software, (4) Technical explanation для jury: Judges и jurors не понимают tech детали. Expert witness (обычно senior developer или software architect) объясняет сложные концепты простым языком. Стоимость: $300-$600/час + report writing. Но без эксперта очень трудно выиграть tech litigation.
Это риск в software outsourcing. Защиты: (1) Source code escrow: Third party держит копию кода; если vendor bankrupt → вы получаете release, (2) Performance bond: Для крупных проектов требуйте bond от vendor (третья сторона гарантирует completion), (3) Milestone payments: Платите только за completed milestones, не upfront, (4) Bankruptcy clause: Contract может давать вам право terminate и получить work product при bankruptcy. Если уже случилось bankruptcy: file claim в bankruptcy court, но recovery часто minimal (unsecured creditors получают cents on dollar).
Методы расчета: Lost revenue: Если софт для продажи клиентам - ожидаемые продажи за период delay × profit margin. Нужны reasonable projections (не фантазии). Increased costs: Дополнительные расходы из-за delay (аренда временного решения, overtime персонала). Liquidated damages: Если contract содержит clause "$X per day of delay" - это упрощает. Cover damages: Стоимость найма другого vendor для completion.
Ключевое: damages должны быть foreseeable (vendor знал о вашей критической timeline), definite (не speculation), и caused by breach (не другие факторы).
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Software disputes требуют понимания как технических аспектов (coding, architecture, testing), так и юридических нюансов (warranties, limitation clauses, IP rights). Terms.Law работает на стыке tech и law.