Terms.Law California Worker Classification & AB 5 Compliance Hub
California AB 5 & ABC Test

Worker Classification Hub: Independent Contractor vs Employee

California has the strictest worker classification laws in the nation. Whether you're running a gig platform, service business, tech startup, or staffing agency, understanding AB 5, the ABC test, and available exemptions is critical to avoiding misclassification penalties that can reach $25,000+ per violation.

This hub provides industry-specific guidance, interactive classification tools, and practical compliance frameworks for the business models most at risk: gig/on-demand, marketplaces, staffing agencies, home services, construction, and tech contractors.

⚠️ Misclassification Risk

Worker misclassification in California can result in: (1) Civil penalties $5,000-$25,000 per violation, (2) Back wages + overtime + meal/rest break premiums going back 4 years, (3) Unpaid payroll taxes + penalties, (4) Workers compensation violations (criminal exposure), (5) PAGA claims (hundreds of thousands per case), and (6) Active EDD/DLSE/DIR audits.

The AB 5 Framework

California's AB 5 law (effective January 2020) codified the ABC test as the default standard for determining worker classification. To classify a worker as an independent contractor, you must satisfy ALL three prongs:

ABC Test Requirements

A

Control & Direction

Worker is free from control and direction of the hiring entity in connection with performance of work, both under contract and in fact.

B

Usual Course of Business

Worker performs work outside the usual course of the hiring entity's business. This is the most common failure point for service businesses.

C

Independent Business

Worker is customarily engaged in an independently established trade, occupation, or business of the same nature as work performed.

Critical: Failing even ONE prong means the worker is an employee. Most service businesses fail Prong B because workers perform the core service the company sells to customers.

Why Business Model Matters More Than Industry

AB 5 compliance depends less on your industry and more on your operating model. Two "cleaning companies" can have radically different risk profiles based on how they structure worker relationships.

High-Risk Model Patterns

Direct Service Provider Model:
Company receives customer requests → dispatches workers → controls pricing/methods → customer thinks they're hiring "the company"

Why this fails: Workers perform core service (Prong B) + high control (Prong A) + no independent business (Prong C)

Lower-Risk Model Patterns

True Marketplace/Referral Model:
Platform connects independent service providers with customers → providers set pricing → providers control methods → customer relationship is with provider

Why this works better: Workers not performing platform's usual business (Prong B) + less control (Prong A) + independent business indicators (Prong C)
Key Insight: The AB 5 classifier tool below analyzes your business model archetype before applying industry context. Start with model structure, not industry assumptions.

High-Risk Industries & Business Models

Click any industry to access detailed compliance guidance, case examples, and model-specific tools.

By The Numbers

$25K Max penalty per willful violation
4 Years Lookback period for wage claims
3 Prongs All must pass for IC status
30-35% Typical cost increase employee vs IC

AB 5 Business Model Classifier (Master Tool)

Answer questions about your business model, worker relationships, and control factors to get: (1) ABC test risk scoring, (2) Prong B analysis, (3) Exemption pathways, (4) Recommended compliance path, and (5) Document stack suggestions.

Interactive AB 5 Model Classifier Tool
Launch Classifier Tool →
Opens in new window - results exportable as PDF

Additional Tools

Complete Resource Library

Comprehensive guides covering AB 5 framework, industry-specific compliance, and operational implementation.

Core Framework

Industry Clusters

Operational Compliance

Compliance Bundle: Get Your Classification Right

Most founders think they need "an IC agreement." What you actually need is a defensible classification path that matches your operating model + the documents that support it.

What You Get

1

Business Model Review & Risk Analysis

Questionnaire + written memo identifying AB 5 risk factors and exemption pathways

2

Classification Recommendation (1-2 pages)

Plain-English conclusion: IC vs employee path + practical compliance steps

3

One Core Agreement

California-compliant IC Agreement OR Employment Agreement aligned with recommendation

4

Implementation Q&A (~30 min)

Call or written follow-up to clarify recommendation and operational next steps

Pricing: Fixed fee $450-$650 depending on complexity. 3-5 day turnaround from intake to final deliverables.