Transportation Injury Claims

Airline & In-Flight Injury Demand Letters

Professional demand letter generator for injuries caused by faulty seats, overhead bins, beverage carts, and turbulence. Includes guidance for both domestic flights and international travel under the Montreal Convention.

$151,880 SDR Montreal Convention Limit (2024)
2 Years Statute of Limitations
Heightened Duty of Care (Common Carrier)

Understanding Airline Injury Claims

The legal framework depends on whether your flight was domestic or international. Here's what you need to know.

Determining Your Legal Framework
1
Identify Flight Type
Domestic vs International
2
Apply Legal Standard
State Law or Montreal Convention
3
Prove Liability
Negligence or "Accident"
4
Document Damages
Medical + Other Losses

🇺🇸 Domestic Flights (U.S. to U.S.)

Examples: Los Angeles to New York, Honolulu to Dallas, Chicago to Miami

Domestic flights are governed by state tort law with a common carrier overlay. Airlines owe passengers the "highest degree of care practicable" consistent with air travel.

  • Legal Standard: Negligence - duty, breach, causation, damages
  • Statute of Limitations: Typically 2-3 years depending on state (California: 2 years per CCP § 335.1)
  • No damage cap: Full compensatory damages available
  • Venue: State or federal court where accident occurred or defendant resides

🌎 International Flights (Montreal Convention)

Examples: New York to London, Los Angeles to Tokyo, any flight with departure AND destination in different countries

The Montreal Convention of 1999 provides a uniform, exclusive regime for international air passenger injury claims.

  • Legal Standard: Article 17 - "accident" causing "bodily injury" on board or during embarking/disembarking
  • Statute of Limitations: Strict 2-year deadline from arrival or scheduled arrival
  • First-tier liability: Strict liability up to 151,880 SDR (~$200,000 USD) per passenger
  • Above that: Carrier liable unless it proves no negligence or third-party fault
  • Exclusivity: Preempts state law claims within its scope (El Al v. Tseng, 525 U.S. 155)
Factor Domestic Flight International Flight
Governing Law State tort law + common carrier duty Montreal Convention (1999)
Standard of Care Highest degree of care practicable "Accident" external to passenger
Liability Threshold Must prove airline negligence Strict liability up to ~$200K; negligence above
Statute of Limitations 2-3 years (state dependent) Strict 2 years from arrival
Damages Cap None (full compensatory) 151,880 SDR for strict liability tier
Mental Distress Only May be available under state law NOT recoverable without bodily injury (Floyd)
Key Cases State negligence precedents Air France v. Saks, Olympic v. Husain

What Qualifies as an "Accident"?

Under the Montreal Convention, the injury must result from an "unexpected or unusual event external to the passenger."

💺
Seat & Hardware Failures
Malfunctioning seat backs, armrests, tray tables, or seat panels that collapse, snap, or crush body parts.
Qualifies: Yes - equipment malfunction is external to passenger
💼
Overhead Bin Injuries
Luggage falling from overhead bins due to improper latching, turbulence, or other passengers' actions.
Qualifies: Yes - latch failure or crew negligence is external
🍵
Beverage Cart Collisions
Flight attendants striking passengers with service carts, spilling hot liquids, or running over feet/toes.
Qualifies: Yes - crew conduct is external to passenger
🌫
Turbulence Injuries
Injuries during unexpected turbulence when fasten-seatbelt sign wasn't illuminated or crew failed to warn.
Qualifies: May qualify if crew failed to warn; pure weather may not
🚪
Jet Bridge & Boarding
Slips, trips, and falls on jet bridges, boarding stairs, or during the embarking/disembarking process.
Qualifies: Yes if during boarding process; may involve airport too
👫
Crew Misconduct
Physical altercations with crew, failure to reseat away from hazards, or ignoring medical emergencies.
Qualifies: Yes - Olympic v. Husain (2004) established crew refusals can be "accidents"

⚖ Key Supreme Court Cases to Know

  • Air France v. Saks (1985): Defined "accident" as an unexpected or unusual event external to the passenger. Normal cabin pressure changes causing deafness = NOT an accident.
  • Olympic Airways v. Husain (2004): Flight attendant's refusal to reseat asthmatic passenger away from smoke WAS an "accident." Crew conduct counts.
  • Eastern Airlines v. Floyd (1991): Mental distress without bodily injury is NOT recoverable under the Convention.
  • El Al Israel Airlines v. Tseng (1999): The Convention is EXCLUSIVE - you cannot bypass it with state law claims if it applies.

Common Carrier Duty of Care

For domestic flights, airlines are held to an elevated standard of care as common carriers.

🛡 What "Highest Degree of Care" Means

Unlike ordinary businesses, airlines must:

  • Maintain aircraft and seating in safe condition through regular inspection and repair
  • Train crew to identify and respond to hazards
  • Warn passengers of known dangers (turbulence, hot beverages, etc.)
  • Take reasonable steps to protect passengers from foreseeable harm, including from other passengers
  • Provide assistance during medical emergencies

Key Point: This heightened duty makes it easier to establish breach compared to ordinary negligence cases.

Demand Letter Preview

Evidence Checklist for Airline Injury Claims

Document everything thoroughly to strengthen your claim. Here's what you need.

📷 Immediate Documentation (On the Plane)

  • Photograph the injury - Take photos immediately showing bleeding, swelling, discoloration
  • Photograph the hazard - The broken seat, loose panel, spilled liquid, fallen luggage
  • Report to flight crew - Ask them to document the incident in their report
  • Get crew names - Note the names of flight attendants who witnessed or documented
  • Identify witnesses - Get contact info from nearby passengers who saw what happened
  • Keep your boarding pass - Contains flight number, seat assignment, date

🏥 Medical Documentation

  • Seek medical attention promptly - ER, urgent care, or your doctor within 24-48 hours
  • Describe the cause accurately - Tell providers exactly how the injury occurred on the flight
  • Get copies of all records - Intake forms, examination notes, diagnosis, treatment plan
  • Keep receipts - All co-pays, prescriptions, medical equipment, follow-up visits
  • Document recovery - Photos of healing process, limitations on activities

📩 Airline Communications

  • Written confirmation - Email the airline immediately after landing to create a paper trail
  • Claim/case numbers - Document any reference numbers provided by customer service
  • Save all correspondence - Emails, letters, chat transcripts with airline
  • Note phone calls - Date, time, representative name, what was discussed
  • Request incident report - Ask for a copy of the flight crew's incident documentation

⚠ Preservation Demands (Spoliation Prevention)

Airlines may dispose of evidence if you don't act quickly. Your demand letter should request preservation of:

  • The airline's incident report and internal investigation documents
  • Maintenance and repair records for your seat row and adjacent seats
  • Prior complaints or incidents involving similar equipment failures
  • Cabin crew statements and reports
  • Any cabin video or surveillance footage (if available)
  • Manifest and seating chart for the flight

📈 Financial Documentation

  • Medical bills - Itemized statements from all providers
  • Prescription costs - Pharmacy receipts for medications
  • Lost wages - Pay stubs, employer letter confirming missed work
  • Travel disruption - Hotel, meals, rebooking fees if you missed connections
  • Out-of-pocket expenses - Transportation to doctors, medical equipment, etc.

What Happens After You Send the Demand Letter

Understanding the claims process helps you set realistic expectations and make informed decisions.

1
Airline Acknowledges Receipt
The airline's risk management or claims department will acknowledge your letter, usually within 1-2 weeks.
  • You'll receive a claim number for reference
  • An adjuster will be assigned to your case
  • They may request additional documentation
  • Initial contact is typically by mail or email
2
Investigation & Evaluation
The insurer reviews your claim, medical records, and the incident circumstances. This can take 2-8 weeks.
  • They may request medical authorization forms
  • Adjuster reviews maintenance records
  • They evaluate liability and damages
  • May ask for recorded statement (be cautious)
3
Settlement Negotiation
If they accept liability, expect an initial offer. This is typically negotiable.
  • First offers are often low - don't accept immediately
  • Counter with documented damages
  • May involve multiple rounds of offers
  • Settlement typically includes release of all claims
4
Resolution or Escalation
Either reach a settlement or consider escalating to formal legal action.
  • Settlement: Sign release, receive payment
  • DOT Complaint: File with Dept. of Transportation
  • Small Claims: For claims under $10-12K
  • Litigation: Hire attorney for larger claims

📅 Typical Timeline for Minor to Moderate Injuries

Week 1-2: Send Demand Letter
Mail certified letter to airline risk management; keep proof of delivery.
Week 2-4: Acknowledgment
Receive claim number and adjuster assignment.
Week 4-8: Investigation
Provide requested documentation; adjuster evaluates claim.
Week 8-12: Initial Offer
Receive first settlement offer (if liability accepted).
Week 12-16: Negotiation
Counter-offers and negotiation to reach fair settlement.
Week 16-20: Resolution
Sign release and receive settlement payment.

💰 Typical Settlement Ranges (Illustrative)

Disclaimer: Every case is different. These ranges are for general reference only.

Injury Severity Examples Typical Range
Minor Bruises, minor cuts, soft tissue, resolves in days/weeks $500 - $5,000
Moderate Sprains, minor fractures, requires medical treatment $5,000 - $25,000
Serious Fractures requiring surgery, significant recovery time $25,000 - $100,000
Severe Multiple injuries, long-term impairment, extensive treatment $100,000 - $500,000+
Catastrophic Permanent disability, TBI, paralysis, death $500,000 - Multi-million

⚖ When You Should Hire an Attorney

  • Serious injuries: Anything requiring surgery, hospitalization, or long-term treatment
  • Disputed liability: Airline denies responsibility or blames you
  • International flights: Montreal Convention claims have complex procedural rules
  • Lowball offers: Settlement offer doesn't cover your documented damages
  • Approaching deadline: SOL is near and negotiations aren't progressing
  • Multiple parties: Airport, airline, and equipment manufacturer may share fault

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