Surprise $14,000 bill after surgery - hospital used out-of-network anesthesiologist without telling me

I publish illustrative scenarios prepared by my practice. All participants and conversations are fictional. The fictional posts are not posts by real users, accounts of client experiences, or reports of actual results.
Illustrative scenario prepared by my practice.
For informational purposes only. Healthcare billing laws vary by state and individual circumstances. The No Surprises Act has specific requirements and exceptions.
Hypothetical question

Had knee surgery last month at an in-network hospital with an in-network surgeon. Everything was pre-approved by insurance. Got home, thought I was done.

Then yesterday I get a bill for $14,200 from some anesthesiology group I've never heard of. Turns out they were out-of-network. I had NO choice in this - I was literally unconscious when they provided services!

My insurance says I'm responsible for the balance after they paid their "usual and customary" amount of $1,800. The anesthesiologist billed $16,000 total.

How is this legal? I'm in California if that matters. I specifically chose an in-network hospital to avoid this exact situation.