I have been on both sides of convertible note maturity extensions and can share some practical insight. When a convertible note hits maturity without a qualifying financing event, the note technically becomes payable. Most startups cannot actually repay the principal plus accrued interest, which puts both the founder and the investor in an awkward position.
The standard resolution is a maturity extension amendment. This is typically a one or two page document signed by the company and either all noteholders or a majority depending on what the original note purchase agreement specifies. Key terms to negotiate in the extension include the new maturity date, whether additional interest accrues during the extension period, and whether the cap or discount changes to compensate the investor for the additional time and risk.
From the investor side, I generally recommend agreeing to extensions with reasonable sweeteners rather than demanding repayment. Forcing a startup to repay a convertible note often kills the company, which means the investor gets nothing. A modest improvement to the conversion terms, such as lowering the cap by 10 to 15 percent, is usually a fair compromise that keeps the relationship intact and protects the investment.
One critical legal point: make sure the extension is properly documented and signed before the maturity date passes. If the note technically defaults, it can trigger cross-default provisions in other agreements, create tax implications, and complicate future fundraising due diligence. Get this done proactively, not reactively.